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This volcanic North Atlantic island has large glaciers near volcanoes, lava fields and hot springs.

Ireland is an Atlantic island with a broad central plain surrounded by coastal highlands.

Azerbaijan lies on the Caspian Sea, where the Caucasus Mountains descend toward broad lowlands.

Afghanistan is a landlocked country between Central and South Asia, with mountains covering much of its land.

The contiguous United States spans the Atlantic to the Pacific, with Alaska and Hawaii located apart.

The United Arab Emirates lies on the Persian Gulf's desert coast, with the Hajar Mountains in the east.

Algeria is in North Africa and is the continent's largest country by land area.

Argentina changes from the Andes in the west to the Pampas and the plateaus of Patagonia in the south.

Albania's red flag carries a black double-headed eagle at its centre.

Armenia is a landlocked country in the southern Caucasus, shaped largely by mountains and high plateaus.

Angola faces the Atlantic in southwestern Africa and rises inland to broad plateaus.

This eastern Caribbean country is formed mainly by the islands of Antigua and Barbuda.

Andorra is a small landlocked country in the Pyrenees between France and Spain.

Yemen occupies southwestern Arabia, facing the Red Sea and Arabian Sea and rising to highlands inland.

The United Kingdom is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Israel changes over short distances from Mediterranean coast to uplands and the Jordan Rift Valley.

Italy includes a long Mediterranean peninsula and islands such as Sicily and Sardinia.

Iraq is crossed by the Tigris and Euphrates, which frame a broad alluvial plain.

Iran lies between the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf, centred on a plateau enclosed by mountain ranges.

India extends from the Himalayas in the north across a great peninsula projecting into the Indian Ocean.

Indonesia is a vast archipelago of thousands of islands spanning the equator between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

Uganda is a landlocked East African country crossed by the equator and bordering Lake Victoria.

Ukraine spreads across the East European Plain and faces the Black Sea and Sea of Azov in the south.

Uzbekistan is landlocked in Central Asia and is surrounded entirely by other landlocked countries.

Uruguay faces the Atlantic and Río de la Plata, with gently rolling grasslands across much of the country.

The equator crosses Ecuador, which spans a Pacific coast, Andean highlands and Amazonian lowlands.

Much of Egypt is desert, while towns and farmland concentrate along the Nile River.

Estonia faces the Baltic Sea and has a low, flat landscape with many lakes and islands.

Eswatini is a landlocked southern African country between South Africa and Mozambique.

The Ethiopian Highlands dominate the centre, while the Great Rift Valley crosses the country.

Eritrea faces the Red Sea and rises from hot coastal lowlands to an inland plateau.

El Salvador is a small Central American country on the Pacific coast, crossed by a chain of volcanoes.

Australia occupies a continent, stretching from eastern mountains to a vast, dry interior.

Austria is a landlocked Central European country, with the Alps covering much of its west and south.

Oman occupies southeastern Arabia, facing the Arabian Sea and rising to the Hajar Mountains in the north.

Part of the Netherlands lies below sea level, protected by dikes, dunes and water-management works.

Ghana lies on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa and contains the large Lake Volta.

Cabo Verde is a chain of volcanic islands in the Atlantic west of mainland Africa.

Guyana lies on South America's northeast Atlantic coast, rising inland to forested highlands.

Kazakhstan is a vast landlocked country spanning Europe and Asia, with wide steppes and deserts.

Qatar occupies a small peninsula projecting into the Persian Gulf, with mostly flat desert terrain.

Canada spans northern North America and reaches the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans.

Gabon lies on the Atlantic across the equator, with tropical forest covering much of its land.

Cameroon ranges from Gulf of Guinea lowlands through mountains to northern savanna.

The Gambia is a narrow country following the Gambia River, surrounded by Senegal except at the coast.

Cambodia's Mekong River and Tonlé Sap lake support farming and daily life across its central lowlands.

North Korea occupies the northern Korean Peninsula, with mountains and uplands covering much of the country.

North Macedonia is a landlocked Balkan country of mountains, valleys and large lakes.

Guinea's West African highlands are headwaters for the Niger and several other major rivers.

Guinea-Bissau faces the Atlantic and includes the island-rich Bijagós Archipelago offshore.

Cyprus is an eastern Mediterranean island with a central plain between mountain ranges.

Cuba is formed by the Caribbean's largest island and many surrounding smaller islands and cays.

Greece lies at the southern end of the Balkans, with many islands scattered across surrounding seas.

Kiribati's 33 atolls and islands spread widely across the Pacific near the equator and date line.

Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked Central Asian country dominated by the Tian Shan mountains.

Guatemala lies in northern Central America, with volcanic highlands between the Pacific and Caribbean.

Kuwait is a small, mostly flat desert country on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf.

The Cook Islands comprise 15 volcanic and coral islands scattered across a broad area of the South Pacific.

Grenada consists of volcanic Grenada island and the southern Grenadine islands in the eastern Caribbean.

Croatia curves along the Adriatic Sea, where a long, indented coast is lined with many islands.

Kenya crosses the equator and rises from its Indian Ocean coast to cooler central highlands.

Côte d'Ivoire faces the Gulf of Guinea, changing from southern forest to northern savanna.

Costa Rica lies on the Central American isthmus, with volcanic ranges between the Caribbean and Pacific.

Kosovo lies inland in the Balkans, with plains and valleys enclosed by surrounding mountains.

Comoros is a volcanic island country between mainland Africa and Madagascar.

Colombia faces both the Caribbean and Pacific, where the Andes divide into three mountain ranges.

The Republic of the Congo crosses the equator, extending from Congo Basin forest to the Atlantic.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a vast central African country shaped by the Congo River basin.

Saudi Arabia occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula, facing the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.

Samoa is a volcanic South Pacific archipelago centred on the islands of Upolu and Savai'i.

São Tomé and Príncipe consists mainly of two volcanic islands near the equator in the Gulf of Guinea.

Zambia is a landlocked plateau country in southern Africa crossed by the Zambezi River.

San Marino is a tiny landlocked country on the slopes of the Apennines, surrounded by Italy.

Sierra Leone rises from Atlantic coastal plains toward plateaus and highlands inland.

Djibouti sits where the Red Sea meets the Gulf of Aden, with salt lakes and volcanic terrain.

Jamaica is a Caribbean island south of Cuba, with mountains running through its interior.

Georgia lies between the Black Sea and Caucasus Mountains, from high peaks to coastal lowlands.

Syria extends from an eastern Mediterranean coast into increasingly dry inland plateau and desert.

Singapore is an island country at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, beside major east–west sea routes.

Zimbabwe is a landlocked plateau country between the Zambezi and Limpopo river systems.

Switzerland has three main landscapes: the Alps, the Jura Mountains and the Central Plateau between them.

Sweden stretches along eastern Scandinavia, with a long north–south shape, extensive forests and many lakes.

The Nile flows northward across Sudan's largely dry landscape in northeastern Africa.

Spain occupies most of the Iberian Peninsula, with a broad plateau across much of its interior.

Suriname lies on South America's northeast Atlantic coast, with rainforest covering most of its interior.

Sri Lanka is an Indian Ocean island southeast of India, with central highlands rising above coastal plains.

Slovakia's flag bears a shield showing a white double cross above three hills.

Slovenia's flag includes a shield with Mount Triglav, wavy lines and three stars.

Seychelles is an Indian Ocean island country northeast of Madagascar, made up of many islands.

Equatorial Guinea includes a mainland region and islands in the Gulf of Guinea, including Bioko.

Senegal reaches Africa's western edge on the Atlantic, with the Senegal River along its north.

Serbia's flag uses horizontal red, blue and white bands, with the coat of arms near the hoist.

Saint Kitts and Nevis is an eastern Caribbean country formed by two volcanic islands.

An island country in the eastern Caribbean, made up of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

Saint Lucia is a mountainous volcanic island in the eastern Caribbean, with short rivers flowing to the sea.

Somalia forms the Horn of Africa and has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden.

The Solomon Islands form a South Pacific chain of volcanic and coral islands east of Papua New Guinea.

Thailand changes from northern mountains to a broad central plain and a long section of the Malay Peninsula.

South Korea occupies the southern Korean Peninsula, with mountainous land and sea on three sides.

Taiwan is an East Asian island with a north–south mountain spine and broader plains along its western side.

Tajikistan is a landlocked Central Asian country dominated by the Pamir Mountains and other highlands.

Tanzania rises from the Indian Ocean coast to plateaus, with Kilimanjaro in the northeast.

Czechia is a landlocked Central European country, with the Bohemian Basin ringed by uplands and mountains.

Landlocked Chad stretches from the Sahara in the north toward Lake Chad in the southwest.

The Central African Republic is a landlocked plateau country drained by several river systems.

China's land descends in broad steps from western plateaus and mountains to eastern plains and the Pacific side.

Tunisia faces the Mediterranean at Africa's northern edge and grades southward into the Sahara.

Chile is a long, narrow country pressed between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.

Tuvalu is a Pacific island country of nine low coral islands and atolls spread across a wide ocean area.

Denmark consists of the Jutland Peninsula and many islands, including Zealand and Funen.

Germany lies in central Europe, rising from northern plains toward uplands and the Alps in the south.

Togo is a narrow West African country stretching north from the Gulf of Guinea into savanna.

The Dominican Republic occupies eastern Hispaniola and shares the island with Haiti to the west.

Dominica is a volcanic eastern Caribbean island with steep mountains and tropical rainforest.

Trinidad and Tobago consists of two main islands near South America at the Caribbean's southern edge.

Turkmenistan is a landlocked Central Asian country largely covered by the Karakum Desert.

Türkiye spans Anatolia and a smaller European area, with straits linking the Black Sea to the Mediterranean side.

Tonga is a South Pacific chain of many volcanic and coral islands arranged roughly north to south.

The Niger and Benue rivers meet in Nigeria before flowing south to the Gulf of Guinea.

Nauru is a small raised-coral island country in the Pacific, just south of the equator.

Namibia has the Namib Desert along its Atlantic coast and a broad plateau inland.

Niue is a single raised-coral island in the South Pacific.

Nicaragua lies between the Caribbean and Pacific, with large lakes and a chain of volcanoes.

Landlocked Niger extends into the Sahara in the north, with the Niger River in the southwest.

Japan is an island country east of Asia, made up of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and many smaller islands.

New Zealand is centred on the North and South islands, with the Southern Alps running along the South Island.

Nepal drops sharply from the Himalayas in the north to the low Terai plain in the south.

Norway's western Scandinavian coast is deeply cut by fjords carved by glaciers.

Bahrain is a Persian Gulf island country centred on Bahrain Island and nearby smaller islands.

Haiti occupies western Hispaniola, where rugged mountains cover much of the country.

Pakistan stretches from high northern mountains through the Indus River plain to the Arabian Sea.

Vatican City is the world's smallest independent state and is enclosed within the city of Rome.

Panama occupies the isthmus linking North and South America, where its canal connects two oceans.

Vanuatu is a southwest Pacific country of more than 80 islands, many volcanic, arranged north to south.

The Bahamas is an Atlantic archipelago of about 700 islands and cays southeast of Florida.

Papua New Guinea includes eastern New Guinea and many islands, with high mountains across its centre.

Palau is a western Pacific island country where volcanic islands and coral islands form a north–south chain.

Landlocked Paraguay is divided by the Paraguay River into eastern lowlands and the western Chaco.

Barbados is an island of coral limestone on the Atlantic edge of the eastern Caribbean.

Hungary lies in the Carpathian Basin, where the Danube flows north to south through the country.

Bangladesh lies on a vast river delta, with low, flat land built by the Ganges and other rivers.

Timor-Leste occupies mainly the eastern part of Timor island, with rugged mountains and coastal plains.

Fiji spreads more than 300 islands across the South Pacific, many formed by volcanoes or coral reefs.

The Philippines is a western Pacific archipelago of more than 7,000 islands in an active volcanic region.

Finland is a northern European country of extensive forests and lakes, partly within the Arctic Circle.

Bhutan is a landlocked country in the eastern Himalayas, descending sharply from north to south.

Brazil, South America's largest country, includes the Amazon Basin, central highlands and a long Atlantic coast.

France also has territories beyond Europe, including in the Caribbean, South America and the Pacific.

The Balkan Mountains cross Bulgaria, while its eastern edge meets the Black Sea.

Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African country of gently rolling plateau and savanna.

Brunei is a small tropical country on northern Borneo facing the South China Sea.

Burundi is a small, highland, landlocked country beside Lake Tanganyika in East Africa.

Viet Nam curves along the South China Sea, with major river deltas in both the north and south.

Benin stretches northward from the Gulf of Guinea coast into West African savanna.

Venezuela ranges from a Caribbean coast and Andes to the Llanos plains and Guiana Highlands.

Belarus is a landlocked East European country of broad plains, forests, wetlands and lakes.

Belize lies on Central America's Caribbean coast, beside an extensive offshore barrier reef.

Peru brings together a Pacific coast, the Andes and Amazonian lowlands to the east.

Belgium faces the North Sea and rises from northern lowlands toward the Ardennes in the southeast.

Poland faces the Baltic Sea, with broad central plains and the Carpathian and Sudeten mountains in the south.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a mountainous western Balkan country with a short Adriatic coastline.

Landlocked Botswana includes dry Kalahari landscapes and the inland Okavango Delta.

Landlocked Bolivia descends sharply from the high Andes to broad eastern lowlands.

Portugal faces the Atlantic on western Iberia and also includes the Azores and Madeira island groups.

Honduras has a long Caribbean coast and a much shorter Pacific shore on the Gulf of Fonseca.

The Marshall Islands form two chains of low coral atolls and islands in the central Pacific.

Madagascar lies in the Indian Ocean off eastern Africa and is the world's fourth-largest island.

Malawi is a long, narrow, landlocked country with Lake Malawi along much of its eastern side.

Landlocked Mali reaches into the Sahara in the north, while the Niger River crosses the south.

Malta is a central Mediterranean island country formed by Malta, Gozo, Comino and smaller islands.

Malaysia has territories on the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, separated by the South China Sea.

The Federated States of Micronesia is a western Pacific island country made up of four island states.

South Africa faces both the Atlantic and Indian oceans, with an inland plateau rimmed by escarpments.

South Sudan is a landlocked East African country shaped by the White Nile and the vast Sudd wetland.

Myanmar lies on the western side of mainland Southeast Asia, with the Ayeyarwady flowing between mountain ranges.

Mexico faces the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, with high plateaus and mountains inland.

Mauritius is a volcanic island country in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar.

Mauritania faces the Atlantic in West Africa, with most of its land lying in the Sahara.

Mozambique faces the Indian Ocean in southeastern Africa and has a long north–south coastline.

Monaco is the world's second-smallest country, set on the Mediterranean coast and bordered by France.

Maldives is an Indian Ocean country of low coral islands arranged in a long chain of atolls.

Moldova is a landlocked country between Romania and Ukraine, with gently rolling hills and plains.

Morocco faces both the Atlantic and Mediterranean, with the Atlas Mountains crossing its interior.

Mongolia is landlocked between Russia and China, with vast grasslands and the Gobi Desert.

Montenegro is a Balkan country on the Adriatic, known for rugged mountains and a deeply indented bay.

Jordan is largely plateau and desert, with the Jordan Rift Valley and Dead Sea along its western edge.

Laos is Southeast Asia's only landlocked country, shaped by mountains and the Mekong River.

Latvia is a low, flat country on the eastern Baltic, with extensive forests, wetlands and rivers.

Lithuania lies on the eastern Baltic, with low plains and lakes shaped by ancient glaciers.

Libya faces the Mediterranean in the north, while most of its territory lies in the Sahara.

Liechtenstein is a small Alpine country beside the Rhine between Switzerland and Austria.

Liberia faces the Atlantic in West Africa and rises from coastal plains into forested uplands.

The Carpathian Mountains arc through Romania, whose southeastern edge reaches the Black Sea.

Luxembourg is a small landlocked country bordered by Belgium, Germany and France.

Rwanda is a small, landlocked, highland country in East Africa with many hills and lakes.

Lesotho is a high-altitude landlocked country completely surrounded by South Africa.

Lebanon's Mediterranean coast, Lebanon Mountains and Bekaa Valley run roughly north to south.

Russia is the world's largest country, stretching from eastern Europe across northern Asia to the Pacific.